POSSIBLE SUMMARY ANSWERS

1 - A

"Universities . . . are a product of the Middle Ages."

Universities come from the Middle Ages.

Universities come from the Middle Ages, not from the Greeks and Romans.

Universities as we know them today come from the Middle Ages, not from the Greeks and Romans.

Universities and higher education as we know them today come from the Middle Ages.

Universities and higher education as we know them today come from the Middle Ages, not from the Greeks and Romans.

According to Charles Homer Haskins, universities and higher education as we know them today come from the Middle Ages, not from the Greeks and Romans.

In The Rise of Universities, Charles Homer Haskins states that universities and higher education as we know them today come from the Middle Ages, not from the Greeks and Romans.

Note: The phrase, "the ancient world," could be substituted for the phrase, "the Greeks and Romans," as a more general term. Likewise, the phrase, "the Middle Ages," has been used instead of "Paris and Bologna."

1 - B

"But even a purely chronological record raises the problem of just what events should be included" and "forces one to raise questions concerning the relative importance of such events."

Biographies present problems about what events to include and emphasize.

"Typically, such decisions are made on the basis of events that the historian or the biographer considers to have been 'turning points.'"

Deciding which events to include and emphasize more than others in a biography poses a dilemma and depends on the historian or writer’s point of view or "frame of reference."

1 - C

There have always been science books which define achievements, problems, and methods in scientific fields, but leave questions for future scientists to deal with.

Today’s scientific textbooks inform readers of scientific research and achievements.  Before modern textbooks, the "famous classics of science fulfilled a similar function."

There is a slight difference between the science textbooks of today and the "famous classics of science."  While textbooks show what has been discovered, the classics suggested what could be done next.

1 -D

Women’s speech is said to differ from men’s speech.

Researchers have found countless examples of "linguistic differentiation" between women’s speech and men’s speech but question the causes for it.

The Carib Indians of the West Indies are "the most famous example of linguistic differentiation between the sexes."

2 -A

" . . . we need to understand what autism is like . . . ."

" . . . we can make the world more hospitable for autistic individuals . . . ."

"Understanding the nature of the handicap must be the first step in any such effort."

Understanding autism and what it is like can help us to help people with autism.

2 - B

"Within the next 50 years, the human population is likely to exceed nine billion, and global economic output may quintuple.  Largely as a result of these two trends, scarcities of renewable resources may increase sharply."

"As such environmental problems become more severe, they may precipitate civil or international strife."

As the human population continues to grow rapidly, and as renewable resources become more scarce, violent conflicts will become more common.

The rapidly growing human population will cause renewable resources to become more scarce.  These two things, in turn, will cause violent conflicts between peoples to become more common.

2 - C

Studying prairie voles has helped scientists to better understand monogamy.

Studying prairie voles has helped scientists to develop several characteristics of monogamy.

Studying prairie voles has helped scientists to better understand how the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin contribute to monogamy.

2 - D

Future transistors might reach their limits as the size decreases and other factors thus increase.

The manufacture of future transistors may encounter limits -- as the size of the transistors shrinks, other physical problems may arise.

PEANUTS

Par. 1 -- "Just as Peanuts seems to have absorbed so much of the popular culture which preceeded it, the comic strip has had a profound influence on the society and culture of its own time."

"Peanuts has become an integral part of the history of American culture through its influence in so many areas of our life and society."

Par. 2 -- "For example, what may be Schulz’s most important contribution to American English . . . ."

Par. 3 -- "Americans are great lovers of ritual and tradition, and so powerful is the influence of Schulz that some of the rituals created in sequences of Peanuts threaten to become national holidays and folk traditions."

Par. 4 -- "There is also a heroic folk tradition to which Charlie Brown belongs . . . ."

"Charlie Brown is a particularly appropriate little soul for the past three decades because of his preoccupations with what has possessed all of us . . . ."

Par. 5 -- "A more evident area of influence in the larger culture has been the multitude of spinoffs fostered by Schulz . . . ."

Par. 6 -- "Schulz has said that 'I subscribe to the theory that only a creation that speaks to succeeding generations can truly be labeled art.'  That is a definition we can agree with, and under that definition Peanuts certainly qualifies as art."

A Summary of M. Thomas Inge’s

"Peanuts and American Culture"

According to M. Thomas Inge, the comic strip, Peanuts, has influenced American our life and society.  First, Charles Schulz has contributed to our language by giving us new phrases and adding life to old phrases.  Also, Schulz has catered to America’s love of rituals and traditions by creating new seasonal occurrences and holidays in his comic strip.  Furthermore, Schulz has given us Charlie Brown, a character we can identify with and find comfort in.  Finally, Schulz has given us many “spinoffs” from the comic strip.  Because of this great influence on our culture, the comic strip, Peanuts, can be considered “art.”