 | Describe changes that occur during middle childhood in the ways children view themselves. |
| Explain the development of self-esteem, noting how parenting style, race, and ethnicity relate to children’s evaluations of self. |
| Explain how low and high self-efficacy and learned helplessness affect children’s beliefs and behavior. |
| Describe characteristic friendship patterns emerging in middle childhood, and identify stages of friendship proposed by psychologist William Damon. |
| Identify the causes and consequences of popularity and unpopularity, and discuss strategies to improve children’s social competence. |
| Discuss how gender and race affect friendships. |
| Describe changes in the American family, and discuss the most important factors related to those changes. |
| Discuss the effects today’s diverse family and care arrangements have on children. |