Medulla oblongata
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continuous w/spinal cord but organized differently internally
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conduction pathway, decussation of descending tracts results in
contralateral control of motor activities
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house motor nuclei for cranial nerves IX-XII (glossopharyngeal,
vagus, accessory, & hypoglossal)
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autonomic reflex center for cardiovascular (e.g., heart rate & blood
vessel diameter), respiratory & other visceral activities
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Pons
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composed of mostly fiber tracts (ascending & descending tracts btwn
higher brain centers & spinal cord or cerebellum)
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also houses nuclei for cranial nerves V-VIII (trigeminal, abducens,
facial, vestibulocochlear),
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pontine nuclei (for tracts btwn cerebellum & cerebrum)
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other autonomic activities, e.g., respiratory, sleep, etc.
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Cerebellum
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coordinates unconscious movement of skeletal muscles by comparing
messages from motor cortex w/propioreceptor information to correct
any discrepancies
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involved in balance, maintaining muscle tone & judging passing of
time
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Hindbrain: medulla, pons
& cerebellum
Midbrain
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conducts several pathways btwn cortex & lower CNS
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visual & auditory reflex centers (superior & inferior colliculi)
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cranial nerves III-IV (oculomotor & trochlear)
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Thalamus
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“gateway to cerebral cortex” – directs sensory input to appropriate
region of cerebral cortex
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can prevent or enhance passage of info to cortex
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receives motor control signals from cortex
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also relays signals from cerebellum to cerebrum to coordinate
movement
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Epithalamus
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nuclei involved in emotional & visceral responses to smell
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pineal body - secretes melatonin - involved in sleep-wake cycles &
possibly onset of puberty
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Hypothalamus
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